John Locke And William Godwin - 1770 Words

John Locke (1632-1704) and William Godwin (1756-1836) were both English philosophers. Locke and Godwin discuss their views on the origin, purpose as well as extent of authority of a government in their publications. Locke felt that government originated from a social contract and advocated governments which respected their citizens while Godwin saw any form of government as a form of evil thus he advocated self-government and believed that having no government was the ideal state but in the event of being under a government, minimal authority should be exercised. This essay discusses the difference in their views and I will pay attention to the extent of government authority. Locke regarded humans naturally in â€Å"a state of perfect freedom to order their actions† (Locke Two treatises ex.4). Along with this comes unbounded indulgence of the benefits of law of nature whereby men â€Å"has by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in others† (Locke Two treatises ex.87). In addition, â€Å"it was not good for him to be alone, put him under strong obligations of necessity, convenience, and inclination to drive him into society† (Locke Two treatises ex.77). Locke views that the formation of government â€Å"derive[d] from God’s will† (Dunn 2003, p. 37) and originated from men’s need to protect their property as a collective, where a commonShow MoreRelatedThe Views Of Locke And Godwin On The Origin Of Government1680 Words   |  7 Pagesup some influential political thinkers. John Locke is the forefather of liberty while William Godwin was one of the proponent of anarchism, and both of them are great English philosopher after the enlightenment who take significant influence on successors. This essay will focus on the views of Locke and Godwin on the origin and purpose of government, the extent of authority, as well as some opinions according to their flaws. The views of Locke and Godwin on the origin of government are differentRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - The Individual and Society Essay1923 Words   |  8 Pagespuzzled readers of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. In this essay I will focus on how Frankenstein can be used to explore two philosophical topics, social contract theory, and gender roles, in light of ideas from Shelleys two philosophical parents, William Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft.    What Does it Mean to be Human? Individual and Society    One historically important tradition in social and political philosophy is called Social Contract Theory. It gives a way of thinking aboutRead More Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own Essay1793 Words   |  8 Pageswriters. The political and moral writings of her father, William Godwin, are extremely influential during the time. Her feminist mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, writes the controversial book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. About her parents Shelley remarks, ?It is not singular that, as the daughter of two persons of distinguished literary celebrity, I should very early in life have thought of writing? (Shelley x). Because Godwin believes that she had talent, his expectations of ShelleyRead MoreWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father,1600 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father, James was a hosier (seller of legwear) in London. Blake had four brothers, James, John, Richard and Robert; and a sister named Catherine (Harris 5). Blake got along best with his younger brother, Robert as they shared an interest in art (Clarke 1). As a young boy, Blake claimed to have had visions of God, spirits, prophets and angels. When he was four he is claimed to have seen God’s head in his windowRead MoreRise of the English Novel5132 Words   |  21 Pagesof the person. Keeping with the idea of representing real life, novelists broke from this tradition and gave their characters more common names (Watt 19). Early novelists had a strong affiliation with the philosophers of th eir time. Writers like Locke and Hume wanted to create a more realistic world and claimed that our personal identity is based on memory. Novelists began to explore this concept in their works and used everyday language to convey their ideas (23). The novelist Clara Reeve makes

The Harlem Renaissance An Intellectual Movement

As inferred by William Harmon, â€Å"the Harlem Renaissance was the first intellectual and artistic movement that brought African America to the attention of the entire nation†, as stated verbatim in A Handbook to Literature (Harmon 227). Accordingly, the Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual movement that was commenced to enrich men and women of color through expressive mediums such as in literature, art (both visually and dramatically), music, and knowledge of thyself; it was ultimately a reawakening for America and American life, notwithstanding, a person’s racial ethnicity, economic status, educational background, social statuses or any other dependent-factor that may weaken the parameters of our dreams and secrete our potential from our own eyes. In addition, it was a self-conscious movement, in which, brought forth and shed light on distinguished African American men and women who excelled in various fields of human endeavor in the educational, economic, and soci al fabric of America; and who also surpassed numerous racial boundaries to ameliorate the quality of life within America—not only for people of color, as many deplore the tendency to imply, but ultimately for the well-being of the general public. Although it is true that this social developmental movement had copious frontrunners who all puzzled in significant pieces for the advancement of this movement, one contributor, in particular, by the name of James Mercer Langston Hughes, utilized his emotional andShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance : An African American Intellectual And Artistic Movement1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was an African-American intellectual and artistic movement centered in New York City in the late 1920’s and 1930’s (Hutchinson). It was part of the larger New Negro Movement, which was made possible by the Great Migration – a large exodus of about six million blacks out of the Southeastern United States to the M idwest, Northeast, and West that lasted from about 1915 to 1970 (Gross). The influence of the Harlem Renaissance was widespread and long-lasting, in part, becauseRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Literary, Artistic, Cultural And Intellectual Movement1485 Words   |  6 PagesTatiana Moore Mrs. Donald English III 26 March 2014 The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a literary, artistic, cultural and intellectual movement. The word renaissance means rebirth or revival. African Americans during this time were being pressured by Jim Crow Laws in the South. These laws separated the races tremendously (Roses). African Americans appeared ignorant, poor, and servile. Hate groups and hate crimes alarmed families, and they collectively decided it was time to make aRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Renaissance was they had really short life there was no black people in it other than artists. Harlem Renaissance were first one to criticize black and white. They came to dominate Harlem Renaissance through creativity and culture. Madhubuti’s contention, Jeffery Stewart stated after major victories of the civil rights movement another intellectual and cultural rebellion called Black Power movement. Madhubuti’s, a black arts movement members relationship with Harlem Renaissance is o ne ofRead MoreEssay on The Harlem Renaissance and Its Societal Effects 1133 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Is the Harlem Renaissance, and What Effects Did It Have On Society? Harlem was like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual, pulling him from everywhere. Or perhaps the magnet was New York, but once in New York, he had to live in Harlem(Langston Hughes, The Big Sea). When one is describing a â€Å"fresh and brilliant portrait of African American art and culture in the 1920s (Rampersad, Arnold),† the Harlem Renaissance would be the most accurate assumption. The Harlem Renaissance proved to AmericaRead MoreEssay on The Harlem Renaissance1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance refers to a prolific period of unique works of African-American expression from about the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Although it is most commonly associated with the literary works produced during those years, the Harlem Renaissance was much more than a literary movement; similarly, it was not simply a reaction against and criticism of racism. The Harlem Renaissance inspired, cultivated, and, most importantly, legitimatedRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Movement By Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, And Ralph Waldo Ellison931 Words   |  4 PagesKnown as one the most impactful movements on African American arts, the Harlem Renaissance Movement represented a period of artistic and intellectual change that initiated a new identity on black culture. Often called the â€Å"New Negro† Era, the Harlem Renaissance opened doors for African American to express themselves in the form of visual arts, musical elements, and even p erforming arts during the 1920s. Due to this movement, Harlem became the city that â€Å"gave African Americans a physical culturalRead MoreClaude Mckay s Harlem Dancer And Ended Around 1929 Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance began in 1918 with the publication of Claude McKay’s â€Å"Harlem Dancer† and ended around 1929. During this period, there was a wave of literary works by, and about, Blacks. The Harlem Renaissance was a period of great intellectual expression as well as introspection (Bodenner). There were several key moments and individuals that made this era of time historical. African American artists rejected imitating the ideals of white Americans and championed black artistic expression onRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : African American Culture758 Words   |  4 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance: African American Culture The Harlem Renaissance was an era where African American culture flourished. African American music, art, theatre, literature, food, fashion, and creativity dominated in the 1920’s. It was a movement to redefine what being â€Å"black† meant to destroy the stereotypes of that society has affiliated with being a negro. At this time, African American artists used their talents to take advantage of this opportunity to make a better life for themselves, whileRead MoreExploring African American History : The Harlem Renaissance1521 Words   |  7 PagesTi’Anna Smith Period 1 AP World History 12-14-15 Exploring African American History: The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance originally known as the New Negro Movement was an important part of African American culture and history, which helped African Americans express themselves and celebrate their heritage. Between the years of 1890-1920 close to two million African Americans traveled from the rural southern states to the northern cities. They traveled to these northern cities in hopesRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes1676 Words   |  7 PagesHarlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness amongst African Americans; everything was new. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary Renaissance

Beowulf 7 Essay Example For Students

Beowulf 7 Essay Most people hear the word hero and think of the stereotypical individual with an incredible appearance, outlandish brawn, and a smile to die for. This is not always accurate; some of the most legendary heroes from Greek mythology take advantage of many other traits. Loyalty, craftiness, intelligence, and keen observational skills are needed to escalate a hero’s stature. In â€Å"name of book† reflects both heroes with assumed features and elevated characteristics of a true hero.Oddyse demonstrates a multitude of different skills that many other heroes do not poses. For example, â€Å"My name is Nohbdy: mother, father, and friends, everyone calls me Nohbdy,† said Odysseus to Polyphimus (IX. 366-367).This shows that Odysseus is a quick and inventive thinker. Many would not have been able to concoct such clever answer in an instant. As when Odysseus tells Telemachus â€Å"I must put all my mind to it, to see if we two by ourselves can take them on or if we should look round for help†(XVI. 280-283) These words exhibit Odysseus’ intelligence for observing perilous situations. Unlike Hercules who would have relied on brute strength and instinct to pommel the suitors. The abilities expressed by Odysseus are shown to be superior to the shallow barbaric traits of Hercules and other heroes in that he thinks before he acts. Physical strength is considered beautiful among the Greek culture. Odysseus strength far surpasses any other mortal as exhibited by Penelope’s bow test, â€Å"so effortlessly Odysseus in one motion strung the bow†(XXI.465-467.) With the ease of him stringing the bow compared to the inability of the suitors makes Odysseus seem super human. Through out The Odyssey he displays this overpowering force at various times. â€Å"Odysseus’ arrow hit him under the chin and pushed up to the feathers through his throat†(XXII.16-17.) In the battle with the suitors his power and brutal tendencies show through just like the warrior emerging. During that same battle he also reverts to his competitive self and will not diminish until victorious. Even though Odysseus has a brilliant intellect, his physical attributes allow him to excel. Odysseus fulfills his character by having positive characteristics that stand him alone and above many other legends. His corporal and mental statures help him arise to true heroism. The obstacles in his journeys tested many of the values he held dear. Odysseus embodies the ideals of Homeric Greeks aspired to, valor, loyalty, and intelligence. These make Odysseus such an alive character and no matter what century, so much like us.

Australian Prudential Regulation Authority

Question: Discuss about the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. Answer: Introduction In comparison to other countries or other industries, Australia has knowledgeable main variations to its monetary and economic system in new periods. TheAustralianmonetary organizationcontains of the preparations cover the appropriate taking money and lending of funds and the transmission of possession of monetary rights in Australia which consists of the derivative business places, insurance, banks, credit unions, debt and equity market. The clear result has been an alteration in the Australian commercial and business organization from a comparatively locked, monotonous assembly in the 1950s and 1960s, based mainly on historical bank connection, to a more exposed and modest organization and are offering or giving various types of services or offerings in comparison with any other industries. The financial or the monetary system is being driven by the forces of the fair or the market which is solely dependent on the economy of the market and what the market needs. A procedure analogo us to that understood in Australia has remained experimental and broadly deliberated in the United States underneath the general caption the deterioration in outdate investment and banking. Amid the assortment of inspirations on monetary-sector expansion, three chief services can be tinted. The first can be said as the part of monetary controlling strategy, to an significant gradation, formed the comprehensive tendencies in groups marketplace shares in fresh periods. There were many development in the system due to progressive technology and due to this plummeting the price of many knowledge oriented monetary doings and also new products and activities are available. System possessions more than crumpled as a relation to GDP among the 1960s and 1990s, with abundant of that development occurring in the instant post-deregulation retro in the additional half of the 1980s.A major part of the monetary system, and widely examined away, was the recognition prosperous which shadowed monetar y deregulation. This singularity, and its communication with economic progresses in the 1980s, underwrote to development of the monetary segment in an amount of methods. Influence within the Australian business sector has conventionally been moderately little, and this remnants the circumstance despite a considerable surge in corporate copying in the late 1980s. The debt to equity ratio is comparatively same with compared to other countries like United States, Japan and other countries. Till the 1950s, monetary intermediation was mainly identical with investment and banking. We can also see that, until the 1950s, monetary intermediation was principally identical with banking. Finance business was fundamentally a low-risk proposal showed at controlled values and fees.. Thecommercial transaction or better known as banking business inAustraliacontains of a number of banks approved and qualified to carry on investment and banking business under theBanking Act 1959, distant banks approved to function through a subdivision in Australia. While conversation of the upcoming construction of the investment or the banking industry was to a large gradation hypothetical, the Group was interested in explanations that some contributors in the business anticipated a major and a vast charge in the near future. In contradiction of the contextual of these expansions, banks have their mark increasingly on the mushrooming retirement and funds-management subdivision as a possible long-ter m counterbalance to these compressions and burdens. We can say as an example approx. $40 billion, or 15 per cent of retirement possessions or properties are presently held as bank safeties or credits with economic establishments, a momentous amount of these organisations accountability base. The banks undoubtedly know that there are compensations and advantages to be increased from joining and uniting their connection part with funds-management activities, and have strapped for payment of more through participation in retirement time, and in recent times there has been overall introduction of investments or funds in over the counter. Thebanking sector inAustraliacontains of a number of banks approved and qualified to carry on investment and banking business under theBanking Act 1959, distant banks licensed to function through a subdivision in Australia, and Australian-incorporated foreign bank companies. Various organisations like mutual funds, credit unions provide banking facilities. Officially, there is widespread and detailed regulation of Australia's banking system, split mostly between theAustralian Prudential Regulation Authority(APRA) andAustralian Securities and Investments Commission(ASICAustralia Reserve bank plays a significant participation. Though, in repetition, Australian banks are autonomous and are regulated by themselves through External Dispute Resolution (EDR) arrangements, the most protuberant is theFinancial Ombudsman Service (Australia)(FOS). The ASIC is responsible for the integrity and the prosperity of the financial organisations. The fast growth of banks' national financial statements which have full-grown at an regular yearly rate of 13percent meanwhile from 1985 and both the demand and supply factors and introduction are introduced. Currently there are 53 banks which are functioning in Australia, and in those 54, 14 are owned by the country. In totalling to the four major banks, there is a collection of five Australian-owned banks occasionally denoted to as the regionals, sparkling their innovative emphasis mainly on the retail sector. The Banking system or methods of Australia in the history was one of determined country for legality, not so prosperous, broken and public bitterness. With the flow of past 15 years, each of the four main Australian banks, while obeying with the progressively severe supplies of controlling figures, testified at least one main monetary blooper. A one-off simplification of limitations on foreign bank admission in the mid-1980s, and the additional exposed policy of entry accepted in the early 1990s, saw the overseas bank attendanc e increase, in part at the expenditure of the mercantile sectors of bank The banking organisation has literally struggled to achieve great success overtime. Three main administration investigations into banking were showed in Australia between 1981 and 1996. It gave lawfulness for both the administrations and the banks; for administrations since the very establishment of an investigation established an obligation to answerability and community concentration questions. Banks are also topic to duties under theAnti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006as "reporting entities. Until the 1980s, recognition unions and construction societies produced muscularly, largely because they were subject to rarer guidelines than banks in 1985, there were 60 building societies and 400 credit unions effective in Australia. Banks confronted slight modest heaviness from other organisations, where rapid development had not started yet, and the organization was not exposed to foreign bank entrance or to offshore communications. Banks went through an extended period of declining market share during the 1960s and 1970s, when equivalent advantages were made by non-bank monetary mediators, particularly construction societies, economics corporations, commercial banks. A huge amount of considerable growth of non-bank monetary organizations (NBFIs) not united to the national investment subdivision. In some of the cases, these organizations were possessed by distant banks that required a monetary attendance in Australia but were prohibited from founding a proper and prescribed commericialprocess by the real suspension on new foreign banking establishments before 1985. A one-off simplification of limitations on foreign bank admission in the mid-1980s, and the additional exposed policy of entry accepted in the early 1990s, saw the overseas bank attendance increase, in part at the expenditure of the mercantile sectors of bank. Two overseas organisations functioned uninterruptedly as official banks in Australia in the post-war period prior to 1985.17 The nonappearance of a wider overseas banking attendance reproduced the suspension on distant bank entry, deliberated beforehand. The appearance of a distant bank presence in Australia in the nonappearance of official foreign banks signifies what, with retrospection, seems to give the novel method to the meaning of banks and non-banks inside the Banking Act 1959. The experience of having the overseas or the foreign banks response is quite neutral. The new entries are quite competitive in nature. On the comprehensive part, foreign banks sustained their commercial banking doings and in that domain were pioneering in merchandise progress and in monetary and derivative markets. At the end it is being noticed that the foreign banks were not able to make an influence or impression on the central place of the Australian banks in the merchandising and saleable market, where huge client permissions or branches had been recognized through widespread division systems. Foreign banks were heartened to smear for approval anywhere and in any amount, on condition that they met the entrance necessities, they were allowed to assume either secondary or subdivision constructions (Brian, 2005) Many overseas banks were against this but the rule was not changed and was universal. From 1992 the number of entries of foreign banks increased simultaneously (Henry, 2011) Inclusive, though, the happenings of external banks continued comparatively unimportant likened to the long recognized Australian banks. Respective part of lending and borrowing system resources rose to 14 per cent by 1996 as a consequence of fresh entrants but with only slight exclusions, their doings continued profoundly absorbed on extensive or recognized marketplaces (Financial stability review , 2006) Australia is placed as the ninth main as exchange fair in dollars or any overseas country and the sixth principal interest rate futures market in the creation. Foreign banks as a group were the firmest hit with losses totalling to 30 per cent of their capital in 1990 alone. Among 1986 and 1990, collective foreign bank sufferers engrossed an quantity equal to their original start-up capital. The risks can be faced by the foreign banks by opening branch in Australia can be the credit, liquidity, business risks. "Australia's main banks have been mounting their CRE contacts self-effaci nglyin new years, and are thus susceptible to the dangers from developed jobs rates in Brisbane and Perth and payment risks from a potentialresidential apartment oversupply in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane," saysMaadhavi Ramanayake, a Moody's Associate Analyst. As seen, the Reserve Bank's threat organisation rule covers financial marketplace, credit, operative and other risks characteristic in resounding out its main banking actions, but not the risks linked with the Bank's core economic, economic solidity and outgoings procedure occupations.It is debatable whether a foreign bank facing complications would deliver or say all its issues to the Reserve bank thereby providing an chance for early action by the Reserve Bank. Correspondingly, it would be both difficult and luxurious for the Reserve Bank to display the processes of a foreign bank with an Australian division to measure for itself the risk of that bank being incapable to meet its duties (Irvine, 2007) After all the permutations and combinations and seeing all the risks the country would face by the banks set up or vice versa, Brilliant bank would now apply for the banking license in Australia. Its not easy to get a banking license. To function as an ADI in Australia, the potential licensee must get a banking license from the Australian Provident Regulatory Authority. It may take a long term or rather many years and, as the governmental group boom notes does not come as a very user friendly process for the new ones. The applicants applying for it will actually need to satisfy the capital requirements that is the minimum capital that is required. To operate as a bank, forthcoming interviewees need at least $50 million in Tier 1 Capital or largely common equity. Candidates suggesting to function as banks must have a smallest of $50 million in Tier 1 capital. Supplementary, on an on-going basis, ADIs must grip controlling capital equivalent to at least eight per cent of total risk bia sed assets; However, the group points out, new ADIs can be subjected to advanced least capital necessities in their influential years and various liquidity issues also needs to be fulfilled with other areas like corporate governance and others. The International Monetary Funds Financial System Stability Assessment (FSSA) can undertake another fence to arriving the local banking subdivision. All the stockholders of the applicant or the person making the application must show or rather be well established, financially very sound and they would also prove that the cooperation or the tie up would be a long term arrangement. Where essential, candidates will be predictable to provide APRA with approval to pursue particulars in this respect. Candidates internal control and risk management strategies must be appropriate to satisfy to the obtainment of license. The shareholders should be fit and utmost proper to qualify and they must contribute to the capital if there is any requirement in t he future. The guidelines which is set by the APRA should be submitted in time otherwise it would lead to disqualification, when an existing applicant who is about to commence its banking operations is not having any resources or contacts, then the individual is expected to build the contact as soon as possible to conduct the operations. ADRA has full authority to ask and want any document at any time. Following are the steps Discussion between the APRA and the individual wanted to conduct banking operations A drag application must be sent properly. APRA will review and go through the application that is made by the applicant. He will therefore discuss with the seniors and other staffs regarding the application It will therefore will take 12-15 months to process, provide there are exceptions which can delay the submission that is some incomplete documentation will actually extend days , a corporation may be by default may extend days to resolve some issue or due tony mishap the date can be stretched. APRA inspires all potential candidates to communicate it as early as conceivable throughout their development procedure to discuss their determination to smear for an agreement. APRsubsidiary of a non-operating holding corporation (NOHC) that does not have NOHC specialist under the Act. APRA expects all candidates to be able to obey with its sensible necessities, as set out in numerous sensible morals, from the beginning of the dealings in banking (Australian prudential, 2016). Candidates suggesting to function as banks must have a smallest of $50 million in Tier 1 capital. Conclusion Australia's banking corporation has arose from the GFC in a moderately robust situation. Its standing internationally has been heightened. Proper consumer protection and welfare measures are seen at a broader level and implemented properly. Competition with stability are being maintained. A harmless and unchanging banking system is a serious constituent of the country's financial organization. The administration and the makers of the policy are bringing changes and are very positive for the economy. An important example from previous controlling policy knowledge was that guidelines inclined to break depressed where they positioned false restraints on competition amongst organisations performance fundamentally similar purposes. The banks have an understanding that joining their common role with money arrangement activities, and have strapped for payment of more straight connection in retirement time, including presentation a range of over-the-counter speculation products in years yet to come (Smith, 2016) References Brian, G. (2005).The evolving structure of Australian financial system. Retreived 03 Jan 2016 from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/confs/1996/pdf/edey-gray.pdf Henry, K. (2011).Australian system. Retreived 03 Jan 2016 from https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2011/Economic-Roundup-Issue-1/Report/The-Australian-banking-system-challenges-in-the-post-global-financial-crisis-environment Financial Stability review. (2006).Australian system. Retreived 03 Jan 2016 from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/fsr/2006/mar/struct-aus-fin-sys.html Irvine, H. (2007).Australian bank. Retreived 03 Jan 2016 from https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1347context=commpapers Smith, M. (2016).Australian banking license. Retreived 03 Jan 2016 from https://finsia.com/news/news-article/2016/12/08/how-to-get-a-banking-license Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. (2016).Australian banking license. Retreived 03 Jan 2016 from https://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Documents/ADI-Guidelines-11-4-081.pdf

Book Publishing free essay sample

This paper is about Book publishing industry in the USA. Main analysis are done using Porter’s five forces analysis. First analysis is on industry before e-books while indentifying main levels of threats for industry from existing rivalry, new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and substitutions. Also, same research is being conducted for industry after ebooks emerged. Next part is looking to the future of industry and identifying main opportunities and threats looking forward. Finally paper is concluded with suggestions for suppliers how to sustain their business. Introduction Book publishing business recently has been going through lots of changes. New technologies opened doors for new competitors in industry and started to reshaping many processes. To sustain long-term profitability publishers now must respond strategically to new competition. Natural thing to do is to track your established rivals and react accordingly. However, as you scan competitive arena, are you also looking beyond your direct competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Publishing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Porter explains four additional forces can hurt your prospective profits. (1) †¢ Savvy customers can force down prices by playing you and your rivals against one another. Powerful suppliers may constrain your profits if they charge higher prices. †¢ Aspiring entrants, armed with new capacity and hungry for market share , can ratchet up the investment up the investment required for you to stay in the game . †¢ Substitutes offerings can lure customers away. (1) Industry prior e-books revolution Before e- books publishing industry was highly fragmented, which was also very highly labor intensive. However, as many mature industries faces significant changes with emerging new technologies, so did and publishing. Internet and self-publishing technologies brought more fierce rivalry into market. Here is the industry analysis using Porter’s five forces aproach Threat of new entrants – High/Low depended on segment. High number of competitors (over 87 000) implies that entry barriers ware low. However since it’s was very fragmented industry each segment had different threat level of new entrants with K- 12 and college being the most difficult for new entrants to get in. It required significant upfront investment and strong negotiation power for publisher. Also, big publishing houses had higher barging power and get to publish the most popular authors with the biggest batches of orders. To challenge these few big publishers was very difficult therefore for them entrants threat was relatively low. The most vulnerable were small, niche publishers. To start this small publishing business you did not need big upfront investment and for new rivals it was easy to enter to the market. Rivalry among Existing Competitors High Market consisted of many publishers with no one being as distinguished leader, which means it was strategic rivalry. As a result fight for market share was fierce. Moreover, books were pretty similar among top competitors, and customers switching costs were very low. Customers chose the books according the book title or author, but not because particular publishers, so publishers couldn’t build loyal consumers base. Threat of substitute products or services High It was big threat for substitutes, according to the data, average American spent around 7 minutes per day reading books versus 2 hours of watching TV. Moreover, there were many possible substitutes, like video games, cinema and etc. Bargaining power of customers (buyers) High Publishers sold books to brick-and-mortar, online or to through wholesalers. Retailers controlled books’ marketing in stores, displaying (shelf and internet), and shelf time, which had tremendous impact on demand. As a result retailers had significant impact on publisher’s profit. Also, retailers purchased in bulk and generate the biggest part of revenue for publisher, therefore they had strong negotiation power. Finally, books from different publishers usually were similar therefore buyers could easily switch among publishers. Bargaining power of suppliers – High for Manuscripts of popular authors/ Low for material Production: Two of major costs for publishers ware paper and printing. Both paper and printing services were easily accessible and publisher could easily switch from one supplier to another. As a result, bargaining power of suppliers was low. In addition, in terms of printing, publishers could choose either to outsource printing or to build their own printing facilities, which put even more pressure on suppliers. Manuscripts: Bestselling authors had a strong bargaining power; publishing houses even went to auctions to buy new manuscripts. Meanwhile, new and unknown authors had low bargaining power. For them it was important to get on the book store shelves. Industry after advent of e-books Threat of new entrants Increased. Internet and e-books lowered barrier to enter. There are more and easier ways how publishers can reach consumers. People have electronic devices everywhere (phones, tablets and etc. ) and small companies can reach bigger audience much easier. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Decreased E-books and online publishing had a significant impact on industry. Some companies failed to keep up with technological advancement and had to run out of business. Industry became less concentrated with fewer but stronger publishers. Threat of substitute products or services – Increased In terms of books itself, to traditional book substitutes can be paperback, or e-book. E-books readers brought convenience for consumers and switching is relatively easy, since it can be read on variety of devices. Also, if we take TV, radio, cinema as substitutes for books, threat remains high from this perspective. Bargaining Power of customers (buyers) – Increased The increasing power of huge online retailers such as Amazon, Apple books store, Nook, increases buyer power. Also, the availability of free e-books (piracy) makes publishers’ products less attractive. Bargaining power of Suppliers – material suppliers Decreased/ Manuscript increased. Materials: E-books do not require neither purchasing paper nor physical printing. Therefore those two most expensive elements of publishing has been eliminated and power of suppliers decreased further. Manuscripts: In terms, of book content suppliers, authors have more alternatives for self publishing therefore their bargaining power has increased since substitution easily available. Opportunities and Threats Opportunities: 1. New marketing channels – For example suggestions for customers similar products to the one they like straight to their reading device. Also, more customized promotions, like blogs reviews for particular niche market. 2. New distribution models More variety of members clubs, package offered, ability to buy parts of the books, subscription to content. This would allow consumers to get their content straight to device without hustle of going anywhere to buy it physically. 3. Additional content – Since new devices have more than enough space publishers can offer additional content to increase value of product. For example, more information about author, places in book’s plot, multimedia enrichment to make content more valuable, engaging and interactive. 4. Cooperation Publishers should seek to cooperate with different technology suppliers to publish their content on as many as possible platforms 5. Increase in reading First, the shift to digital publishing could boost book consumption. More than 40 percent of readers equipped with a reading device say that they read more than before. Granted, the novelty of the experience may wear off. (2) Threats: 1. Illegal products, piracy – Many current bestsellers are available for people who wish to download them. But also people can download illegal copies. (3) Therefore publishers can lose big part of revenue 2. Increase in labor cost If publishers decides to add additional content like multimedia, it is necessary to hire additional staff to make it possible technologically, also more designers, psychologist needed to improve overall experience. Closed systems – Too many different formats can be confusing and slow down penetration of e-books. 4. Self-publishing Authors can go straight to retailers without publishers and put their books on stores. 5. Cultural perception – Overall younger generation has too many substitutions for books now, such as video games, cinemas and etc. Therefore, less and less young people are reading books and demand might go down in the future. 6. Pricing power – big player such as Amazon, can set price and leverage price by stopping selling products on their stores. That would give them more negotiation power. Suggestion Publishers must find the ways to fight the expansion of online retailers such as Amazon and apple book store, who enable self-printing on a much larger scale. Also, new technologies as well as e-books itself has helped to decreased manufacturing price significantly, therefore publishers should spend more on marketing. Moreover, with much easier publishing process the supply of books will increase, as a result it is crucial to provide the best marketing services to authors to help them to stand out of the crowd. They should also focus on adding value to the customers’ experience, engagement, something that should be easily achievable with the Internet and difficult for large retailers like Amazon. For example additional educational tools, maps and multimedia regarding book content. Another important step is, to expand the market exciting . Young generation is reading much less in nowadays and most of e-books clients are the one who used to buy hardcover books before. By bringing new types of content would help to target new customers which could improve the profitability. Since e-books are priced much lower, even if sales increase profits may not follow as much. It is crucial for publishers to address piracy issue. There are technologies that can be attached to e-books for tracking where the content been shared. By diminishing level of piracy publishers can protect their profits and encourage authors to use their services. Finally, publishers should adopt more flexible solutions in order to build loyal consumer base. For example different clubs, subscriptions for unlimited content, possibilities to by parts of the book for educational purpose would add more to their value proposition.

Sensory Experiences Exploring Reality

Sensory Experiences Exploring Reality Learning and experiencing new objects and scenes depend on the number of sensory experiences involved into contemplation. In fact, the experience of contemplating the room by one individual cannot testify to the objectivity of the room.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Experiences: Exploring Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neither can different experiences become the proof of objective reality. At the same time, the existence of the objective reality as itself is justified by the emergence of various perceptions existing in spiritual form. Due to the fact that earthly flesh has constantly changing nature, the room that Kant describes can change as well, based on different perceptions. I agree with the idea that our attitude to the external environment depends not only on perception of sensory experience, but also on previous knowledge about the object to be perceived. Therefore, if Kant looks at the r oom for the first time, he could make up an opinion about its various qualities and attributes. The second time of looking at the room will be evaluated on the premise of both new sensory experience and previous knowledge about it. The latter allows the viewer to present a comparative analysis of two different perceptions. In response to the objective reality, the author argues that our sensory experience also has a sequential nature. The difference in experience also depends on the shifts in perceptions once the priority of contemplating the object is changed. There is also a matter of ordering while looking at the object in the room. Hence, Kant focuses on his personal choice in choosing the sequence of looking at the objects. The above-presented assumptions premise on the theory of great chain of being introduced by Aristotle and Plato. According to this theory, our world and experience is composed of multiple chains and links. Due to the fact that the world is constantly changin g, human experience of observing the objects surrounding them can be different all the time. In spite of the fact that material the world changes, the spiritual component remains permanent, which is important for understanding the concept of reality. In general, object position cannot be altered in the hierarchy. In nature, earth stands at the core of hierarchical chain because this element owns only the quality of existence. Each component that is directed upward focuses on the positive aspects of the previous chain. For instance, a human combines mortal, flesh characteristics and spiritual ones. Within the context of this dichotomy, body and soul become a whole in which the moral component is shaped. In case a human focuses on spirit, he/she could become much closer to the religious domain. Different outlooks and perceptions of the world influence human understanding of reality.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theoretical framework and Kant observations are of great significance for understanding and evaluation the connection between human subjective perception and the objective representation of reality. The concept of reality, however, does not always coincide with the sum of perceptions on the objects. Therefore, different angles and sequences of contemplating the object can alter the position of objects. Kant’s observations do not only create different angles of perception, but also characterize reality in terms of its changeability. In addition, each person contemplating specific objects relies heavily on his/her experience while assigning various attributes to it. Therefore, a variety of subjective analyses provides a new meaning to objective reality and introduces a new dimension of perception.

Outline the strategies adopted by the Apple Corporation in the last Essay

Outline the strategies adopted by the Apple Corporation in the last few years which has led to a transformation of the company's fortunes - Essay Example Apple faced several years of stagnation until Jobs was called back as interim CEO in 1997. Before Jobs returned Apple had lost its focus or core competency, offering 15 different products, none of which were in high demand on the computer market. He immediately put together a group of seven board members, including former CEOs from Oracle, Intuit and IBM. Apple implemented several changes under Jobs’ new leadership. Among them were cost control measures, streamlining and reformulating the product line and introduction of new products such as the iPod. After the introduction of the iPod, revenues increased from â€Å"below $10 million to $40 in 2005† (International Center for Market Research 2006). Apple’s diversification into electronics and media, with its online i-tunes store, created renewed interest in the company. Revenues from Mac computers has increased since 2005 as well. The challenge for Apple, Inc. currently is determining what types of products and se rvices will generate greater revenues. Consumers’ electronics and technology needs change over time, as new products appear on the market. Different segments require different product types, based on lifestyle and occupation. For those in creative occupations such as web design, graphics and advertising, Apple’s Macintosh computers with desktop publishing and graphics software are desirable products. For music lovers iPods are more desirable. This is a much larger segment, including several decades of consumers, though the largest portion is likely between the ages of 14 and 21.